Fundamental Rules and Supplementary Rules

The Fundamental Rules are the service rules of the central government, in force from 1 January 1922 under FR 1, which regulate the pay, lien, additional charge, suspension, foreign service and retirement of every government servant whose pay is debitable to Civil Estimates, and the Supplementary Rules are the subordinate rules made under individual Fundamental Rules. They run from FR 1 to FR 127 across thirteen chapters.

Their reach is wider than their age suggests. FR 9(21)(a)(i) is the definition of basic pay that Rule 31(1) of the CCS (Pension) Rules, 2021 uses to fix emoluments for pension, and that Rule 5(1) of the CCS (Implementation of National Pension System) Rules, 2021 uses to fix the contribution base under the National Pension System. FR 56(a) is where the retirement age of 60 comes from. FR 53 is the source of the subsistence allowance paid during suspension, and FR 22 still fixes initial pay wherever Rule 13 of the CCS (Revised Pay) Rules, 2016 does not reach.

Two chapters have been emptied out. Chapter X on leave and Chapter XI on joining time are printed only as headings in the Department of Personnel and Training compilation, which sends the reader to the CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972 and the CCS (Joining Time) Rules, 1979. What survives in the printed text is the pay code of Chapters III to IX, the foreign service chapter, and the definitions in FR 9 that the newer rules keep borrowing.

This article maps the thirteen chapters and their rule ranges, sets out the FR 9 definitions, states what each surviving chapter does, identifies the provisions the CCS rules have displaced, and lists the stale internal cross-references the printed compilation still carries.

Commencement, statutory basis and continuation

The Fundamental Rules are subordinate legislation of 1922 that survive by constitutional transition, not an Act of Parliament. FR 1 provides that the rules “may be called the Fundamental Rules” and brings them into force with effect from 1 January 1922. They were framed under the Government of India Act, which is why FR 9(1), the first definition in the rule set, still reads “The Act means the Government of India Act” and has never been recast in constitutional language.

Article 313 of the Constitution is what carried them past 26 January 1950. It provides that until other provision is made, “all the laws in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution and applicable to any public service or any post which continues to exist after the commencement of this Constitution” shall continue in force so far as consistent with the Constitution. The Fundamental Rules were such a law, and no Act of Parliament has since replaced them.

The amending power is the proviso to Article 309. It makes it competent for the President, or a person he directs, to make rules regulating the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union, “until provision in that behalf is made by or under an Act of the appropriate Legislature under this article”, and provides that any rules so made have effect subject to the provisions of any such Act. Every amendment to the Fundamental Rules is therefore a Presidential notification in the Gazette, titled as amendment rules: FR 56(bb)(ii) names one of them in its own text, the Fundamental (Second Amendment) Rules, 2018, and FR 22(I)(a)(1) was substituted in full by Department of Personnel and Training notification F. No. 13/1/2017-Estt.(Pay-I), G.S.R. 370, dated 19 November 2018.

Interpretation is not left to the establishment section. FR 8 reserves the power of interpreting the rules to the President, in one sentence and without qualification, which is why a disputed reading is settled by a Department of Personnel and Training order and not by local practice. The same architecture governs relaxation and delegation, dealt with later in this article.

Who the Fundamental Rules apply to, and who is outside them

FR 2 fixes applicability by the source of the servant’s pay, not by the department that employs him. It applies the rules, subject to FR 3, “to all Government servants whose pay is debatable to Civil Estimates and to any other class of Government servants to which the President may by general or special order, declare them to be applicable”. FR 3 takes out government servants whose conditions of service are governed by Army or Marine Regulations, unless a rule distinctly provides otherwise.

That test puts three large groups of public employees outside the Fundamental Rules altogether.

The parallel applicability clause in the pay rules is worth reading beside FR 2. Rule 2(1) of the CCS (Revised Pay) Rules, 2016 applies the pay matrix to persons appointed to civil services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union whose pay is debitable to Civil Estimates, the same formula, and then excludes four groups by name. A servant inside FR 2 is therefore usually inside the pay rules as well, and the two sets are read together on any pay question.

The thirteen chapters and their rule ranges

The Fundamental Rules are arranged in thirteen chapters, and eleven of them are printed in full. The table below is the map of the rule set as the Department of Personnel and Training publishes it in the Compilation of the Fundamental Rules and Supplementary Rules, Part I.

Deleted and cancelled numbers are not gaps to be filled. They record provisions that were withdrawn without renumbering the rest, which is why the sequence runs to FR 127 while the operative count is far smaller, and why lettered rules such as FR 22-B, FR 29-A, FR 45-C, FR 48-A, FR 51-A, FR 54-B and FR 108-A carry substantive law inserted after 1922.

Fundamental Rule 9: the definitions the central pay code runs on

FR 9 is the single most cited rule in the set because the CCS rules, the pension rules and the National Pension System rules all define their own terms by pointing back into it. It opens with the standard formula, “Unless there be something repugnant in the subject or context, the terms defined in this Chapter are used in the rules in the sense here explained”, and then runs through 32 numbered clauses, several of them deleted or not printed.

Three of these clauses do the most work outside the Fundamental Rules. FR 9(21)(a)(i) is the base for pension emoluments under Rule 31(1) of the CCS (Pension) Rules, 2021 and for the contribution base under Rule 5(1) of the CCS (Implementation of National Pension System) Rules, 2021, notified by G.S.R. 227(E) dated 30 March 2021. FR 9(13) is the definition of lien that the whole of technical resignation and deputation practice turns on. FR 9(24), presumptive pay, is what FR 22(IV) and FR 49(iii) compute against.

Chapter III: general conditions of service, FR 10 to FR 18

Chapter III sets the conditions that attach to holding a post at all, and it is where lien lives. FR 10 bars appointment in India to a post in government service without a medical certificate of health, and its bracketed note points to Supplementary Rules 3, 4 and 4-A for the form and the signing officers. FR 11 puts the whole time of a government servant at the disposal of the government that pays him, without claim to additional remuneration, and that principle is what FR 46(c) requires a sanctioning authority to record against before allowing a fee or an honorarium.

The lien provisions are four rules read as a sequence. FR 12-A provides that a servant acquiring a lien on a post ceases to hold the lien previously acquired on any other post. FR 13 lists the five situations in which an acquired lien is retained, including while on foreign service, holding a temporary post or officiating in another post, and its proviso denies retention on immediate absorption and on foreign service or deputation beyond the maximum admissible limit. FR 14-A bars termination of a lien where the result would leave the servant without a lien upon a regular post, and terminates it on acquisition of a lien outside the cadre. FR 14-B lets the President transfer the lien of a servant who is not performing the duties of the post to which it relates.

FR 15(a) is the transfer rule, and it is narrow on the way down. The President may transfer a servant from one post to another, but a servant “shall not be transferred to, or except in a case covered by Rule 49, appointed to officiate in a post carrying less pay than the pay of the post on which he holds a lien”, except on account of inefficiency or misbehaviour, or on his own written request. The method of fixing pay after a transfer on own request is not in the Fundamental Rules at all: it is in Department of Personnel and Training Office Memorandum No. 12/1/2016-Estt.(Pay-I) dated 31 March 2017, which places the servant at the cell next below with the difference as personal pay, and pay fixation on reversion follows that order.

Two rules govern absence. FR 17(1) makes an officer begin to draw the pay and allowances of a post from the date he assumes its duties and cease to draw them when he ceases to discharge them, with a proviso denying pay and allowances for any period of absence from duty without authority. FR 17-A then deems a period of unauthorised absence, whether during a strike declared illegal under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 in an industrial establishment, during concerted action, or by an individual servant deserting the post, to cause an interruption or break in service for three named purposes only: leave travel concession, quasi-permanency and eligibility to appear in departmental examinations. Explanation 1 brings a bandh within “strike” and Explanation 2 makes the appointing authority the competent authority. FR 18 closes the chapter by barring leave of any kind for a continuous period exceeding five years unless the President otherwise determines on the exceptional circumstances of the case, which is the same outer limit Rule 12(1) of the CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972 carries.

Chapter IV: pay, FR 19 to FR 43

Chapter IV is the pay chapter and it is the most heavily litigated part of the rule set. FR 19 bars an increase in pay beyond the pay sanctioned for the post without the sanction of an authority competent to create a post at the increased rate, except for personal pay granted under FR 9(23)(a). FR 22 then fixes initial pay on appointment to a post on a time scale, in four parts, with FR 22(I)(a)(1) covering a post of greater responsibility, FR 22(I)(a)(2) an appointment without greater duties, and FR 22(I)(a)(3) a lower post on the servant’s own request under FR 15(a).

FR 26 repays close reading, because it decides the increment date rather than the amount. Clause (a) counts all duty in a post on a time-scale, with a proviso adding the total of non-counting periods to the normal date of increment. Clause (b) counts service in another post and all leave other than extraordinary leave taken without a medical certificate, with the President empowered to direct that extraordinary leave count where it was taken for a cause beyond the servant’s control or to prosecute higher scientific and technical studies. Clause (c) protects the annual increment of a servant who officiates in a higher post and then returns. Clause (d) covers foreign service and clause (e) covers joining time.

Chapter V: additions to pay, FR 44 to FR 48-B

Chapter V authorises the payments that sit on top of pay, and it is a rule-making chapter more than an entitlement chapter. FR 44 subjects every compensatory allowance to the general rule that the amount “should be so regulated that the allowance is not on the whole a source of profit to the recipient”, which is the principle behind the reimbursement design of the conveyance allowance and of daily allowance on tour. FR 45 empowers the Central Government to make rules for the recovery of rent for government accommodation, and FR 45-A, FR 45-B and FR 45-C carry the licence fee machinery, with FR 45-C defining “emoluments” for that purpose.

Fees and honoraria are governed by three rules and their Supplementary Rules. FR 46(a) permits a servant, where this can be done without detriment to official duties, to perform a specified service for a private person or a public body and to receive a fee for it. FR 46(b) empowers the Central Government to grant or permit an honorarium as remuneration for occasional or intermittent work that is laborious or of special merit, and requires the amount to be settled in advance and prior consent taken, except for reasons recorded in writing. FR 46(c) requires the sanctioning authority to record that due regard has been paid to FR 11 and to record its reasons. Supplementary Rule 11 carries the sanction requirement and Supplementary Rule 12 the crediting rule, under which retention is full up to Rs. 5,000 in a financial year and one-third of the excess goes to the Consolidated Fund, a figure substituted on 15 November 2021.

The chapter closes with two rules that are not about money at all. FR 48 lets a servant receive and retain, without special permission, a competition premium, a reward for the arrest of a criminal or for information in the administration of justice, a reward under an Act or rules, a customs and excise reward, and fees for duties performed in an official capacity under a special or local law. FR 48-A bars a servant whose duties involve scientific or technical research from applying for or obtaining a patent for an invention made by him, except with the permission of the Central Government and on the conditions it imposes, and FR 48-B makes the government’s decision final on whether FR 48-A applies to a given servant.

Chapter VI: combination of appointments, FR 49

FR 49 is a single rule with six clauses, and it is the source of every payment for holding additional charge. It empowers the Central Government to appoint a servant already holding a post substantively or in an officiating capacity to officiate, as a temporary measure, in one or more other independent posts at one time.

• Clause (i): full charge of the duties of a higher post in the same office and the same cadre or line of promotion draws the pay admissible on officiating appointment to that post, subject to reduction under FR 35, and nothing at all is allowed for performing the duties of a lower post.
• Clause (ii): dual charge of two posts in the same cadre and office on identical scales draws no additional pay however long it lasts, though a special pay attached to the additional post is allowed.
• Clause (iii): charge of a post not in the same office, or in the same office but outside the cadre or line of promotion, draws the pay of the higher post plus 10% of the presumptive pay of the additional post, where the charge exceeds 45 days but not three months, with the concurrence of the Department of Personnel and Training required beyond three months.
• Clause (iv): the aggregate of pay and additional pay shall in no case exceed Rs. 2,25,000, the apex pay of the pay matrix.
• Clause (v): current charge of the routine duties of another post draws no additional pay, whatever the duration.
• Clause (vi): compensatory and sumptuary allowances attached to the posts are drawn as the Central Government fixes, capped at the total attached to all the posts.

The payment itself was renamed in 2017. The Additional Post Allowance introduced on the recommendation of the 7th Central Pay Commission is the operative head today, and paragraph 3(d) of Department of Personnel and Training Office Memorandum No. 2/13/2017-Estt.(Pay-II) dated 8 August 2018 carries the 45-day threshold. FR 49 remains the enabling rule, and the transfer of charge formalities sit alongside it.

Chapter VII: deputation out of India, FR 50 to FR 51-A

Chapter VII is three rules on duty abroad and it turns entirely on prior sanction. FR 50 bars any deputation of a government servant out of India without the previous approval of the Central Government. FR 51(1) allows the President to let a servant temporarily deputed for duty out of India draw the same pay he would have drawn had he remained on duty in India, with a proviso covering a servant placed on deputation while already on leave out of India on average pay, who may be required to continue on leave and given an honorarium of one-sixth of the pay he would have drawn, bearing his own passage costs. FR 51(2) permits a compensatory allowance in a foreign country of such amount as the President thinks fit, and FR 51(3) has the foreign exchange equivalent calculated at the rate the President prescribes.

FR 51-A separates the short assignment from the substantive one. Where a servant is deputed out of India to hold a regularly constituted permanent or quasi-permanent post outside the cadre of his own service, his pay is regulated by the orders of the Central Government and not by FR 51. Deputation inside India is a different subject, governed by the deputation terms and the deputation (duty) allowance orders of the Department of Personnel and Training.

Chapter VIII: dismissal, removal and suspension, FR 52 to FR 55

Chapter VIII carries the pay consequences of disciplinary action, while the procedure sits in the CCS (CCA) Rules, 1965. FR 52 stops the pay and allowances of a servant who is dismissed or removed from the date of dismissal or removal. FR 53(1) then lists what a servant under suspension, or deemed to have been placed under suspension, is entitled to: for a commissioned officer of the Indian Medical Department or a warrant officer in civil employ liable to revert to military duty, the pay and allowances admissible had he been suspended in military employment, and for any other servant, a subsistence allowance equal to the leave salary he would have drawn on half pay, plus dearness allowance admissible on that leave salary.

The three-month point is where the amount can move. Where suspension exceeds three months, the authority that made or is deemed to have made the order may vary the subsistence allowance for the subsequent period, upward or downward within the limits the rule sets. FR 54, FR 54-A and FR 54-B then regulate pay and allowances for the period of suspension once the proceedings end, on reinstatement, on acquittal, or where the suspension is held to have been wholly unjustified, and they are the rules a departmental inquiry closes on. FR 55 adds a single-sentence bar: leave may not be granted to a government servant under suspension.

Chapter IX: retirement, FR 56

FR 56 is the retirement rule for civil posts and it holds both the superannuation age and the premature retirement power. Clause (a) retires every government servant on the afternoon of the last day of the month in which he attains the age of sixty years, with a first proviso retiring a servant whose date of birth is the first of a month on the afternoon of the last day of the preceding month, and a second proviso preserving extensions running for servants who had attained 58 years on or before 1 May 1998, with no extension beyond 60.

Notes 1 to 7 carry the working detail. Note 1 defines the Appropriate Authority, Note 2 allows advance notice, Note 3 excludes the first and the last day when computing the three months, and Note 4 counts state service towards the age-at-entry test in clauses (j) and (k). The consolidated instructions on the exercise of the clause (j) power are in Department of Personnel and Training Office Memorandum No. 25013/03/2019-Estt.A-IV dated 28 August 2020, reissued with OM No. 25013/01/2024-Pers.Policy A-IV dated 27 June 2024.

Chapters X and XI: what replaced leave and joining time

Neither leave nor joining time is decided by reading the Fundamental Rules today, and the compilation says so in its own text. Under the Chapter X heading it prints “[F.Rs. 58 to 104 Not Printed]” and the direction “Please refer to CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972”, and under the Chapter XI heading it prints the same treatment for FR 105 to FR 107 with a direction to the CCS (Joining Time) Rules, 1979.

The leave rules are published as part of the same series. The title page of the Department of Personnel and Training edition reads “F.R. & S.R. PART III”, and Rule 1(2) brings the CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972 into force on 1 June 1972. Rule 2 then excludes ten categories, among them railway servants, members of the All India Services, casual and daily-rated staff, work-charged staff and persons governed for leave purposes by the Fundamental Rules or the Civil Service Regulations. Earned leave, half pay leave, commuted leave, extraordinary leave and leave encashment are all worked under those rules and not under Chapter X.

Two printed rules survive under the Chapter XI heading. FR 108 deals with a servant who does not join his post within the joining time allowed, and FR 108-A with a person in employment other than government service on the date of appointment. The joining time entitlement itself, its distance slabs and its extension, comes from the CCS (Joining Time) Rules, 1979.

Chapters XII and XIII: foreign service and service under local funds

Chapter XII regulates what happens to pay, pension and leave when a servant works for someone other than the government while remaining a government servant. FR 109 limits the chapter to servants transferred to foreign service after the rules came into force. FR 110(a) bars a transfer to foreign service against the servant’s will, except to a body wholly or substantially owned or controlled by Government, and FR 110(b) vests the sanction in the Central Government. FR 111 makes the transfer inadmissible unless the duties should for public reasons be done by a government servant and the servant holds a post paid from General Revenues or a lien on a permanent post. FR 113(i) keeps a servant transferred to foreign service in his parent cadre and allows substantive or officiating promotion in it, taking into account the work done in foreign service. FR 114 regulates the pay he draws from the foreign employer.

The contributions are the operative part for retirement benefits. FR 115(a) requires contributions to be paid while the servant is in foreign service, FR 116 has the President prescribe the rates of contribution for pension and leave salary by general order, now DoPT OM No. 2/9/2017-Estt.(Pay-II) dated 9 October 2020 for pension, and FR 117(a) states the basis on which the pension rates are designed, which is to secure the pension the servant would have earned without the transfer. FR 119 lets the Government remit contributions and fix interest on overdue ones, which it does in SR 307; FR 120 bars the servant from withholding contributions and makes them non-refundable; FR 121 bars a pension or gratuity from the foreign employer without sanction; and FR 122 and FR 123 regulate leave in India and out of India. FR 124 to FR 126 govern officiating appointments and reversion: pay on officiating appointment in a government post is calculated on the government post, reversion takes effect from the date he takes charge, and the foreign employer’s payments and the contributions both stop from the date of reversion. Chapter XIII then carries FR 127, on recoveries where an addition to the regular establishment is made on condition that its cost is recovered from the persons for whose benefit it was created.

The Supplementary Rules: what they are and how they are numbered

The Supplementary Rules are the working detail of the Fundamental Rules, made under the rule-making powers the parent rules confer. They are numbered in their own sequence, they are published in the same Department of Personnel and Training compilation as the Fundamental Rules, and a Fundamental Rule is often unusable without them. FR 10 requires a medical certificate of health and leaves the form and the signing officers to Supplementary Rules 3, 4 and 4-A. FR 46 and FR 47 authorise fees and honoraria and leave the sanction conditions to Supplementary Rules 11 and 12. Supplementary Rules 21 and 25 carry the conveyance allowance conditions, including the distance slab that Ministry of Finance Office Memorandum No. 19039/3/2017-E.IV dated 19 July 2017 revised.

The rule-making powers are explicit in the parent text, which is why the Supplementary Rules cannot be treated as executive instructions. FR 10 empowers the Central Government to make rules prescribing the form of medical certificates. FR 45 empowers it to make rules for the recovery of rent. FR 46-A empowers the President to make rules on fees receivable by a medical officer in civil employ, and FR 47 empowers the Central Government to prescribe the conditions and limits within which subordinate authorities may sanction honoraria and fees. A Supplementary Rule made under one of these powers binds in the same way the parent rule does.

How the Fundamental Rules interact with the CCS rules in force

A pay or pension question is almost never answered from the Fundamental Rules alone. The table below states which instrument governs each subject today and what the Fundamental Rules still contribute.

The direction of travel is one-way. Each new CCS rule set takes over a subject and leaves the Fundamental Rules as a definitional source, and none of them has replaced FR 9, FR 49, FR 53 or FR 56, which is why those four keep appearing in orders written in 2026.

Relaxation, delegation and interpretation

Three rules decide who may bend, sub-delegate or read the rule set, and all three keep the Ministry of Finance in the room. FR 5A allows a Ministry or Department, where it is of opinion that the operation of any of these rules may cause undue hardship to a person, to relax the requirements of that rule by order and for reasons recorded in writing, to the extent and on the conditions it considers necessary to deal with the case justly and equitably, with a proviso requiring the concurrence of the Ministry of Finance.

FR 6 permits the Central Government to delegate any power conferred on it by the rules, subject to conditions, with two exceptions: all powers to make rules, and the powers conferred by FR 6, FR 9(6)(b), FR 44, FR 45-A, FR 45-B, FR 45-C, FR 83, FR 108-A, FR 119, FR 121 and FR 127(c). The powers actually delegated are listed in an Appendix to the compilation. FR 7 bars the exercise or delegation of any power under the rules without consultation with the Ministry of Finance, while allowing that Ministry to prescribe cases in which its consent may be presumed. FR 8 then reserves interpretation to the President.

An establishment officer relying on custom is therefore on weak ground twice over: the reading is not authoritative unless it traces to a Presidential interpretation, and a relaxation is not valid unless the Finance concurrence exists on the file.

Stale cross-references inside the printed compilation

The printed text carries at least five internal references that no longer point where they say, and a reader who follows them without checking will reach the wrong instrument. This list is a salary-calculator.in finding, compiled by reading the Department of Personnel and Training compilation against the instruments in force in September 2026.

None of these is an error in the law. Each is an artefact of a 1922 rule set that has been amended clause by clause for a century without a consolidating revision, and each is a reason to read the amending notification alongside the compiled text.

Four recurring misreadings

That the Fundamental Rules were repealed by the pay commissions. No pay commission has repealed a Fundamental Rule, and no pay commission can: the rules are amended by a Presidential notification under the proviso to Article 309. The 7th Central Pay Commission recommendations were implemented through the CCS (Revised Pay) Rules, 2016, which displaced FR 22 on promotion inside the matrix through Rule 13 and left the rest of the Fundamental Rules standing.

That FR 22 governs every promotion. It does not. A promotion inside the pay matrix is fixed under Rule 13 of the CCS (Revised Pay) Rules, 2016, and MACP upgradation under the same rule read with the assured career progression scheme orders. FR 22 governs the residue, including appointment to a post that carries no greater duties and appointment to a lower post on the servant’s own request.

That “FR&SR” is a single instrument. It is a publishing series. The Fundamental Rules and the Supplementary Rules are separate rule sets published together as Part I, and the CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972 are published as Part III of the same series, which is why a leave order sometimes cites “F.R. and S.R. Part III” without naming the leave rules at all.

That the Fundamental Rules decide pension. They supply the definition and nothing else. Rule 31(1) of the CCS (Pension) Rules, 2021 takes basic pay as defined in FR 9(21)(a)(i) and builds emoluments on it, and pension calculation, average emoluments and qualifying service are all worked under the 2021 rules.

Bearing on the 8th Central Pay Commission

A pay commission does not touch the Fundamental Rules directly, so the 8th Central Pay Commission will change the pay structure and leave the rule set to follow. The Commission was constituted by Ministry of Finance Resolution F. No. 01-01/2025-E.III(A) dated 3 November 2025. On the precedent of 2016, the implementing instrument will be a fresh set of revised pay rules notified by the Department of Expenditure, and any consequential change inside the Fundamental Rules will come as a separate amendment notification, as the substitution of FR 22(I)(a)(1) did on 19 November 2018, two years after the matrix took effect.

Nothing about the structure, the levels or the fitment factor of the next revision is settled, and no figure attributed to the Commission should be treated as decided. What is predictable is the mechanism: the definitions in FR 9 will carry into the new rules by reference, as they did into the 2016 rules, the 2021 pension rules and the 2021 National Pension System rules.

Related Articles

• Fundamental Rule 22
• Supplementary Rules
• Basic pay
• Pay matrix
• CCS (Revised Pay) Rules, 2016
• CCS (Pension) Rules, 2021
• CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972
• CCS (CCA) Rules, 1965
• CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964
• Lien
• Joining time
• Pay fixation
• Pay fixation on reversion
• Pay protection
• Personal pay
• Special pay
• Presumptive pay
• Substantive appointment
• Permanent post
• Temporary post
• Tenure post
• Officiating appointment
• Quasi-permanent service
• Annual increment
• Date of next increment
• Withholding of increment
• Stagnation increment
• Stepping up of pay
• Modified Assured Career Progression
• Assured Career Progression
• MACP versus promotion
• Charge allowance and current duty charge
• Dual charge allowance
• Additional Post Allowance
• Transfer of charge
• Honorarium
• Conveyance allowance
• Travelling allowance
• Daily allowance on tour
• Dearness allowance
• House rent allowance
• Transport allowance
• Subsistence allowance
• Suspension
• Reinstatement
• Dismissal and removal from service
• Reduction in rank
• Departmental inquiry
• Major versus minor penalty proceedings
• Retirement age in central government
• Superannuation
• Voluntary retirement
• Premature retirement
• Technical resignation
• Probation in central government
• Confirmation in service
• Medical certificate
• Seniority
• Foreign service
• Deputation in central government
• Deputation (duty) allowance
• Leave salary
• Earned leave
• Half pay leave
• Commuted leave
• Extraordinary leave
• Leave encashment
• Qualifying service
• Average emoluments
• Pension calculation
• Central government pension
• National Pension System
• General Provident Fund
• Article 309
• Article 311
• Department of Personnel and Training
• Department of Expenditure
• All India Services
• Indian Railway Establishment Code
• Railway employees
• Industrial employees
• Grade pay
• Pay band
• Minimum pay
• 7th Central Pay Commission
• 8th Central Pay Commission
• Last pay certificate
• Cadre review
• Promotion

External references

• Compilation of the Fundamental Rules and Supplementary Rules, Part I (Department of Personnel and Training)
• CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972, published as F.R. and S.R. Part III (Department of Personnel and Training)
• Acts and rules, Department of Personnel and Training
• Constitution of India, full text (Legislative Department)
• Establishment orders, DoPT circulars repository
• Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance
• Gazette of India

References

1. Compilation of the Fundamental Rules and Supplementary Rules, Part I, Department of Personnel and Training: FR 1 (commencement on 1 January 1922), FR 2 and FR 3 (extent of application), FR 5A (relaxation), FR 6 (delegation and its exceptions), FR 7 (consultation with the Ministry of Finance) and FR 8 (interpretation reserved to the President).
2. Fundamental Rule 9, all 32 clauses, including 9(1) (the Act), 9(6) (duty), 9(13) (lien), 9(21)(a) (pay), 9(23) (personal pay), 9(24) (presumptive pay), 9(25) (special pay), 9(28) (substantive pay) and 9(31) (time-scale pay).
3. Fundamental Rules 10 to 18 (general conditions of service), 19 to 43 (pay, including FR 22, FR 23, FR 24, FR 26, FR 27, FR 28, FR 29, FR 29-A, FR 31-A, FR 33, FR 35 and FR 37), 44 to 48-B (additions to pay), 49 (combination of appointments), 50 to 51-A (deputation out of India), 52 to 55 (dismissal, removal and suspension), 56 with Notes 1 to 7 (retirement) and 108 to 127 (joining time, foreign service and service under local funds).
4. Constitution of India, proviso to Article 309 (power of the President to make rules on recruitment and conditions of service) and Article 313 (transitional provisions continuing pre-Constitution service law in force).
5. Department of Personnel and Training Notification F. No. 13/1/2017-Estt.(Pay-I), G.S.R. 370, dated 19 November 2018, substituting Fundamental Rule 22(I)(a)(1); and the Fundamental (Second Amendment) Rules, 2018, named in the text of FR 56(bb)(ii).
6. CCS (Revised Pay) Rules, 2016, notified by G.S.R. 721(E) dated 25 July 2016: Rule 2(1) (application, pay debitable to Civil Estimates), Rule 9 and Rule 10 (increment) and Rule 13 (fixation on promotion).
7. CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972, published as F.R. and S.R. Part III: Rule 1(2) (commencement on 1 June 1972), Rule 2 (the ten excluded categories, including railway servants and members of the All India Services) and Rule 12(1) and 12(2) (the five-year outer limit on continuous leave).
8. CCS (Pension) Rules, 2021, Rule 31(1) (emoluments as basic pay under FR 9(21)(a)(i)); and CCS (Implementation of National Pension System) Rules, 2021, notified by G.S.R. 227(E) dated 30 March 2021, Rule 5(1) (contribution base).
9. Department of Personnel and Training Office Memorandum No. 12/1/2016-Estt.(Pay-I) dated 31 March 2017 (fixation on transfer to a lower post on own request under FR 15(a)); Office Memorandum No. 2/13/2017-Estt.(Pay-II) dated 8 August 2018, paragraph 3(d) (Additional Post Allowance and the 45-day threshold); Office Memorandum No. 25013/03/2019-Estt.A-IV dated 28 August 2020, reissued by Office Memorandum No. 25013/01/2024-Pers.Policy A-IV dated 27 June 2024 (premature retirement under FR 56(j)).
10. Ministry of Finance Resolution F. No. 01-01/2025-E.III(A) dated 3 November 2025 (constitution of the 8th Central Pay Commission).